Ovarian cancer is a group of diseases that can begin in the ovaries or related areas, including the fallopian tubes and the lining of the abdomen. It can be difficult to detect early, and in the United States it causes more deaths than any other gynecologic cancer. Continued research is essential to understanding these diseases, finding them sooner, and improving treatment.

 

Types of Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancers are classified in part by the cells where they begin. The type of cancer can affect how it behaves and which treatments may be recommended. Three main types are:

• Epithelial ovarian cancer begins in cells that line the ovaries or fallopian tubes. This is the most common type.

• Germ cell tumors begin in the cells that produce eggs.

• Stromal cell tumors begin in the supporting tissue of the ovary, which includes cells that produce hormones.

 

Who Is at Risk?

Several factors may affect a person’s risk of developing ovarian cancer, particularly epithelial ovarian cancer:

• Age: Risk increases with age. About half of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer are 63 or older.

• Family history and inherited gene changes: A family history of ovarian, breast, or certain other cancers may be relevant. Inherited changes in genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, as well as Lynch syndrome, can increase risk.

• Personal medical history: A history of breast, uterine, or colorectal cancer, or endometriosis, may be associated with increased risk.

• Reproductive history: Never having given birth or having had difficulty becoming pregnant may be associated with increased risk.

• Some forms of menopausal hormone therapy: Long-term use of estrogen without progesterone may increase risk.

 

Having one or more risk factors does not mean you will develop ovarian cancer, and many people who are diagnosed are not considered high risk. If you have concerns about your personal or family history, speak with your healthcare provider about your risk and whether genetic counseling may be appropriate.

 

There is currently no reliable screening test for ovarian cancer in people without symptoms. If you notice persistent changes that are unusual for you, discuss them with your healthcare provider. The following pages cover symptoms, risk reduction, screening, and treatment in more detail.